Fruit fly multisensory circuit (FlyWire)

Taste, smell, vision and self motion wired to the descending neurons that steer, walk, reverse and escape, and to the proboscis motor neuron MN9. The shared circuit of the Fly Gym tasks.

Real connectomeSubcircuit of FlyWire v783: inputs HSE, HSN, HSS, LPLC1, LC4, LPLC2, LC16, ORN_DM1, ORN_DA2, sugar/water, bitter; outputs DNa01, DNa02, DNa03, DNb05, DNa11, DNp01, MDN, DNp09, DNg13, DNp03, CB0701; paths with at least 40 synapses per step

Stimulate and silence cells See it in an experiment

Every neuron of Fruit fly multisensory circuit (FlyWire) at its measured position, seen from the front — Every neuron at its measured FlyWire position, seen from the front, coloured by class.

1,846

neurons

444

cell types

111,407

chemical pairs

gap junction pairs

789,193

synapses

Who talks to whom

Synapses between neuron classes. Cells show the share of the sending class's output.

Neuron classes

How the system divides its neurons.

sensory302

optic34

visual projection767

central627

descending111

ascending3

motor2

Transmitters

Green excites, blue inhibits, grey is modulatory or unknown in this model.

ACH1,341

GABA239

GLUT136

SER117

DA9

OCT4

Cell types

Sorted by total synapses. Use these names in the lab.

Cell type	Class	Transmitter	Neurons	Synapses in	Synapses out
LPLC2	visual projection	ACH	210	29,668	62,688
LPLC1	visual projection	ACH	140	29,000	36,345
LC4	visual projection	ACH	104	11,251	22,418
PVLP011	central	GABA	2	17,321	16,251
LC16	visual projection	ACH	151	12,521	20,495
LPLC4	visual projection	ACH	71	12,156	18,911
lLN2F_b	central	GABA	4	6,853	19,070
ORN_DM1	sensory	SER	68	11,229	11,534
LT51	visual projection	GLUT	16	6,650	13,354
Li33	optic	GABA	2	1,425	15,930
lLN2F_a	central	GABA	4	10,679	6,344
lLN2T_c	central	SER	4	8,669	6,082
LPi15	optic	GABA	2	2,673	10,938
DNa13	descending	ACH	4	12,930	611
PVLP151	central	ACH	4	6,770	6,557
LMa2	optic	GABA	16	3,372	9,631
lLN2T_b	central	SER	4	8,564	4,120
LB3	sensory	ACH	122	3,396	8,814
DNa02	descending	ACH	2	11,439	449
Am1	optic	GABA	2	4,229	7,441
il3LN6	central	ACH	2	5,507	5,798
DNa03	descending	ACH	2	7,245	4,034
LAL074,LAL084	central	GLUT	4	6,815	4,368
DNb05	descending	ACH	2	10,184	564
Li24	optic	GABA	7	2,518	7,136
AVLP080	central	GABA	2	4,466	4,894
DNp35	descending	ACH	2	6,744	2,537
v2LN30	central	SER	2	4,631	4,445
PVLP122b	central	ACH	4	5,923	2,955
PVLP076	central	ACH	2	3,613	5,154
DNp103	descending	ACH	2	7,998	687
PVLP141	central	ACH	2	5,170	3,509
PLP060	central	GABA	2	2,771	5,857
LHAD1g1	central	GABA	2	5,157	3,447
LT82b	visual projection	ACH	4	3,244	5,054
DNp06	descending	ACH	2	7,845	451
PVLP015	central	GLUT	2	4,581	3,708
PVLP069	central	ACH	2	6,928	1,314
AVLP016	central	GLUT	1	4,449	3,735
DNg97	descending	ACH	2	7,714	425
lLN2X04	central	GABA	3	4,260	3,776
PVLP010	central	GLUT	2	3,795	3,957
PVLP130	central	GABA	2	4,450	3,123
DNp04	descending	ACH	2	3,694	3,782
AOTU019	central	GABA	2	2,449	4,941
CB0701	motor	ACH	2	7,212	68
DNp01	descending	ACH	2	6,148	1,080
lLN2T_d	central	GABA	4	2,498	4,621
PLP018	central	GABA	4	2,064	4,958
PS065	central	GABA	2	4,260	2,435
lLN2X12	central	ACH	4	2,657	3,800
PVLP024	central	GABA	4	4,116	2,288
VCH	central	GABA	2	4,259	2,134
DNa01	descending	ACH	2	6,147	129
CB0677	central	GABA	2	4,651	1,418
DCH	central	GABA	2	4,071	1,986
lLN2T_e	central	SER	4	2,785	3,111
LAL018	central	ACH	2	4,083	1,604
PVLP137	central	ACH	2	3,260	2,403
VES041	central	GABA	2	2,286	3,368
LT83	visual projection	ACH	2	4,405	1,245
LT61b	visual projection	ACH	2	3,488	2,133
DNa11	descending	ACH	2	4,156	1,419
AVLP479	central	GABA	4	4,109	1,279
LC31b	visual projection	ACH	7	2,247	3,056
PVLP120	central	ACH	2	1,868	3,410
CB0580	central	GABA	2	1,359	3,896
LAL040	central	GABA	2	1,694	3,545
DNg40	descending	GLUT	2	4,153	1,037
PVLP007	central	GLUT	2	3,602	1,534
LAL046	central	GABA	2	3,611	1,447
CB0527	central	GABA	2	2,520	2,532
LTe20	visual projection	ACH	2	1,649	3,304
LT82a	visual projection	ACH	2	2,119	2,824
PS011	central	ACH	2	1,980	2,931
PLP034	central	GLUT	2	2,599	2,283
DM1_lPN	central	ACH	1	3,528	1,288
CB0529	central	ACH	2	3,737	978
DNpe023	descending	ACH	2	2,355	2,331
DNp09	descending	ACH	2	3,630	1,014
PVLP022	central	GABA	2	3,538	1,044
CB0553	central	ACH	2	2,165	2,355
PS049	central	GABA	2	1,712	2,794
DNp70	descending	ACH	2	2,789	1,645
AVLP258	central	ACH	2	2,445	1,941
PVLP150	central	ACH	2	2,033	2,330
DNae007	descending	ACH	2	2,171	2,161
LT62	visual projection	ACH	2	2,673	1,646
MDN	descending	ACH	4	3,482	830
AVLP370a	central	ACH	2	1,715	2,543
VES005	central	ACH	2	1,825	2,413
PLP012	central	ACH	2	1,966	2,224
DNae005	descending	ACH	2	2,398	1,781
PLP029	central	GLUT	2	3,129	1,028
AVLP531	central	GABA	2	2,868	1,288
PLP163	central	ACH	2	1,445	2,667
AVLP340	central	ACH	2	2,195	1,907
LAL081	central	ACH	2	1,654	2,444
LAL054	central	GLUT	2	1,648	2,410
PS059	central	GABA	3	2,442	1,596
CL286	central	ACH	2	1,815	2,203
VP2_adPN	central	ACH	2	1,710	2,297
CB0865	central	GABA	3	1,591	2,401
PVLP004,PVLP005	central	GLUT	8	2,159	1,799
CB0172	central	GABA	2	2,231	1,723
Li32	optic	GABA	2	2,015	1,877
lLN2P_b	central	GABA	4	2,481	1,406
PLP228	central	ACH	2	2,005	1,878
LAL010	central	ACH	2	1,207	2,669
PVLP019	central	GABA	2	1,648	2,224
LAL028, LAL029	central	ACH	10	1,808	2,041
AVLP538	central	DA	2	2,890	952
lLN2X02	central	GABA	6	1,520	2,295
DNp11	descending	ACH	2	3,025	788
DNb01	descending	GLUT	2	2,226	1,583
PVLP093	central	GABA	2	1,270	2,498
DNbe007	descending	ACH	2	2,771	994
CL322	central	ACH	2	946	2,803
LAL053	central	GLUT	2	1,139	2,600
PVLP008	central	GLUT	4	3,208	495
lLN2X03	central	SER	1	1,771	1,879
CB0563	central	GABA	2	533	3,103
PS013	central	ACH	2	2,313	1,247
PVLP017	central	GABA	2	1,509	2,046
LAL126	central	GLUT	2	1,274	2,251
CB0009	central	GABA	2	2,208	1,299
PS232	central	ACH	2	2,498	1,007
LC31c	visual projection	ACH	2	1,422	2,061
AVLP396	central	ACH	2	1,893	1,585
CL140	central	GABA	2	1,741	1,737
CB0219	central	GLUT	2	2,169	1,305
PS100	central	GABA	2	2,748	722
CB3707	central	GABA	4	1,369	2,058
CB1688	central	ACH	5	1,352	2,065
PLP229	central	ACH	2	1,866	1,517
PS010	central	ACH	2	1,798	1,573
CB0543	central	GABA	2	1,538	1,806
CB0021	central	GABA	2	629	2,687
LAL125,LAL108	central	GLUT	2	1,660	1,644
DNp03	descending	ACH	2	3,114	190
DNp05	descending	ACH	2	3,053	211
PS018b	central	ACH	2	1,846	1,415
CB0556	central	GABA	2	1,866	1,349
LT66	visual projection	ACH	2	1,296	1,840
PLP092	central	ACH	2	1,716	1,386
CB1932	central	ACH	9	1,694	1,403
LB1e	sensory	ACH	23	739	2,326
PS230,PLP242	central	ACH	4	997	2,035
CB0766	central	ACH	3	1,955	1,067
PVLP138	central	ACH	2	1,584	1,416
DNp71	descending	ACH	2	2,073	927
LTe18	visual projection	ACH	2	1,382	1,611
lLN2X05	central	SER	1	1,399	1,574
DNge119	descending	GLUT	2	1,287	1,677
PVLP021	central	GABA	4	1,498	1,466
CB0493	central	ACH	2	1,673	1,264
PS181	central	ACH	2	2,201	718
PVLP020	central	GABA	2	1,034	1,870
AVLP442	central	ACH	1	1,103	1,786
LAL160,LAL161	central	ACH	2	1,017	1,863
LT53,PLP098	visual projection	ACH	5	798	2,064
VA6_adPN	central	ACH	2	1,504	1,354
CB0626	central	GABA	2	971	1,871
DNg13	descending	ACH	2	2,795	42
CB0431	central	ACH	2	1,195	1,637
DNpe042	descending	ACH	2	2,004	824
DNpe022	descending	ACH	2	2,005	823
CB0862	central	GABA	2	1,203	1,615
LT79	visual projection	ACH	2	912	1,900
cML01	central	GLUT	2	2,346	464
VES007	central	ACH	2	918	1,879
DNge080	descending	ACH	2	1,440	1,320
CB0564	central	GLUT	2	1,402	1,353
DNge046	descending	GABA	4	1,323	1,394
CL248	central	GABA	2	822	1,859
cL16	central	DA	3	1,872	775
AVLP429	central	ACH	2	1,491	1,150
DNa06	descending	ACH	1	2,325	308
PVLP114	central	ACH	2	1,435	1,189
CB2458	central	ACH	3	1,221	1,306
OA-VUMa1	central	OCT	2	645	1,879
lLN2X11	central	SER	1	972	1,550
LC31a	visual projection	ACH	6	685	1,835
CB0283	central	GABA	1	334	2,186
AVLP280	central	ACH	1	714	1,769
SAD013	central	GABA	2	966	1,474
DNg74_a	descending	GABA	2	1,267	1,154
PVLP122a	central	ACH	1	1,268	1,133
CB0393	central	ACH	2	2,018	368
PS020	central	ACH	2	1,415	954
CB1852	central	ACH	4	1,407	959
DNpe056	descending	ACH	2	1,634	712
PLP208	central	ACH	1	1,221	1,110
CB0757	central	GLUT	1	1,434	861
DNge042	descending	ACH	2	1,691	574
CB0118	central	GABA	2	1,698	563
AOTU015a	central	ACH	4	837	1,415
VES046	central	GLUT	2	1,012	1,234
LT1b	visual projection	ACH	2	837	1,404
ORN_DA2	sensory	ACH	39	1,201	1,035
vLN25	central	GLUT	4	929	1,307
CB0016	central	GLUT	2	1,512	718
DNp02	descending	ACH	2	1,857	357
AVLP500	central	ACH	2	1,657	557
PS233	central	ACH	4	1,045	1,139
DNpe045	descending	ACH	1	1,483	697
CB0409	central	ACH	1	782	1,389
DNge062	descending	ACH	2	718	1,442
LAL026	central	ACH	4	1,096	1,049
DNge059	descending	ACH	1	1,727	365
DNg108	descending	GABA	2	1,430	651
DNge099	descending	GLUT	2	523	1,556
PVLP062	central	ACH	2	781	1,285
AMMC-A1	central	ACH	3	1,650	396
CB3114	central	ACH	4	1,145	894
CB0465	central	GABA	2	888	1,145
AVLP369	central	ACH	2	989	1,020
CB0132	central	ACH	2	437	1,512
DNge051	descending	GABA	2	868	1,050
PVLP112b	central	GABA	3	1,431	482
DNbe003	descending	ACH	1	1,299	612
PVLP074	central	ACH	2	1,218	691
Li31	optic	GABA	1	309	1,561
LT56	central	GLUT	1	1,384	480
CL038	central	GLUT	3	660	1,161
PS203a	central	ACH	2	842	972
HSE	visual projection	ACH	2	1,486	319
PS058	central	ACH	2	811	981
PS018a	central	ACH	1	1,201	558
PVLP123c	central	ACH	2	1,065	694
VP1d+VP4_l2PN2	central	ACH	2	665	1,078
DNpe024	descending	ACH	2	895	840
CB0903	central	GABA	2	253	1,481
CB0226	central	ACH	2	682	1,050
SAD094	central	ACH	2	956	774
HSN	visual projection	ACH	2	1,450	269
DNp55	descending	ACH	2	1,486	233
CB0013	central	GABA	2	775	942
WED125	central	ACH	3	803	913
LPT26	visual projection	ACH	2	1,180	530
PS088	central	GABA	2	636	1,067
CB0362	central	ACH	2	448	1,241
PVLP128	central	ACH	3	1,009	657
CB0857	central	GABA	2	308	1,305
DNp69	descending	ACH	1	1,286	324
CL333	central	ACH	1	849	744
PVLP006	central	GLUT	3	880	712
AVLP430	central	ACH	2	1,066	520
CB0010	central	GABA	2	864	721
M_l2PNm16	central	ACH	2	538	1,034
LTe65	visual projection	ACH	5	487	1,084
CB0521	central	ACH	2	281	1,262
CB3705	central	ACH	2	744	797
DNge055	descending	GLUT	2	603	929
AVLP151	central	ACH	1	954	578
AVLP536	central	GLUT	2	1,011	520
CB0438	central	GABA	2	362	1,166
CB0616	central	ACH	2	1,098	428
PS057	central	GLUT	2	664	850
M_l2PNl20	central	ACH	1	1,202	309
CB0880	central	ACH	2	370	1,140
CL323a	central	ACH	2	1,093	412
LAL016	central	ACH	1	334	1,158
DNge031	descending	GABA	1	1,134	336
HSS	visual projection	ACH	2	1,158	305
OA-AL2b1	central	OCT	1	351	1,104
CB0571	central	GLUT	2	504	932
CB0625	central	GABA	1	639	777
cL18	central	GABA	1	526	878
CB0655	central	ACH	1	535	868
AVLP189_b	central	ACH	4	638	733
CB0540	central	GABA	1	125	1,237
DNg111	descending	GLUT	1	726	619
CB0268	central	GABA	1	169	1,175
VES013	central	ACH	2	353	987
OA-VUMa4	central	OCT	1	401	938
VP3+_l2PN	central	ACH	3	740	593
LB1c	sensory	SER	18	233	1,097
VES064	central	GLUT	1	445	883
LTe13	visual projection	ACH	2	171	1,132
CB1717	central	ACH	4	608	684
PS029	central	ACH	2	751	526
AVLP502	central	ACH	1	225	1,051
CB0856	central	GABA	1	249	1,015
AN_GNG_21	ascending	ACH	2	648	583
CB0095	central	GABA	1	169	1,057
CB3513b	central	GABA	2	676	547
CB2700	central	GABA	2	307	915
DNpe049	descending	ACH	2	462	757
IB061	central	ACH	2	533	672
CB0079	central	GABA	2	735	470
lLN1_bc	central	ACH	1	561	641
AVLP591	central	ACH	1	252	942
vLN28,vLN29	central	GLUT	4	704	480
CB0508	central	ACH	1	287	896
PS047b	central	ACH	1	313	863
AOTU036	central	GABA	1	124	1,049
AL-AST1	central	ACH	2	521	642
CL128a	central	GABA	2	472	691
CB0573	central	DA	2	646	511
CB0143	central	GLUT	1	693	461
VC1_lPN	central	ACH	1	555	591
PVLP113	central	GABA	2	887	258
AVLP251	central	GABA	2	613	529
DNpe025	descending	ACH	2	697	440
WED116	central	ACH	1	904	230
LCe06	visual projection	ACH	5	515	617
CB3513a	central	GABA	2	514	602
LAL025	central	ACH	2	605	508
CB1958	central	GLUT	2	549	533
VP5+VP3_l2PN	central	ACH	2	338	738
CB0200	central	GLUT	2	422	653
lLN2P_a	central	GLUT	1	919	153
DNge123	descending	GLUT	1	597	471
VES071	central	ACH	1	499	565
CB3983	central	ACH	4	428	627
CB2305	central	ACH	2	411	631
H1	optic	GABA	1	158	877
CB0484	central	GABA	1	401	624
CB0039	central	ACH	1	255	749
CB2281	central	ACH	1	486	514
LC33	visual projection	GLUT	1	120	871
CL092	central	ACH	1	224	751
DNge124	descending	ACH	1	774	197
CB0872	central	ACH	1	725	246
CB2127	central	ACH	3	703	267
PLP096	central	ACH	1	439	524
v2LN33	central	GLUT	2	315	624
AVLP202	central	GABA	2	643	293
PLP093	central	ACH	1	455	475
CL066	central	GABA	1	404	495
CL211	central	ACH	1	500	383
pC1d	central	ACH	2	418	459
DNge146	descending	GABA	1	156	694
CB0806	central	GABA	1	164	680
PS001	central	GABA	1	379	465
AVLP187	central	ACH	3	363	479
LB1a,LB1d	sensory	ACH	17	303	537
LTe42a	visual projection	ACH	2	243	587
AOTUv3B_P02	central	ACH	1	299	524
CB0202	central	ACH	1	338	481
PLP075	central	GABA	2	291	525
AVLP477	central	ACH	1	440	376
CL316	central	GABA	1	489	326
DNg35	descending	ACH	1	740	69
CB0022	central	GABA	1	528	279
CB2352	central	ACH	2	484	284
CB1986	central	ACH	2	316	452
CB3958	central	SER	1	472	286
PS090b	central	GABA	1	370	374
CB0433	central	GLUT	1	271	469
TRN_VP3a	sensory	ACH	1	160	567
CB0501	central	ACH	2	459	266
CB0499	central	ACH	2	558	167
CB0076	central	GABA	1	269	440
PVLP028	central	GABA	1	305	389
IB068	central	ACH	1	166	521
CB2659	central	ACH	1	361	324
LAL012	central	ACH	1	156	529
PVLP100	central	GABA	1	323	361
CL266_a	central	ACH	1	261	421
LB1b	sensory	SER	7	154	512
CB1236	central	ACH	1	303	351
LT60	visual projection	ACH	1	394	260
DNge067	descending	GABA	2	221	425
CL336	central	ACH	1	326	320
PVLP124	central	ACH	1	353	290
CB1883	central	ACH	1	173	466
CB1211	central	ACH	1	350	286
CB1734	central	ACH	1	403	230
DNpe030	descending	ACH	2	376	256
LPT47_vCal2	visual projection	GLUT	2	133	497
PLP015	central	GABA	1	160	462
AVLP575	central	ACH	1	199	421
CB0441	central	ACH	1	194	423
CB0254	central	GLUT	1	290	324
PLP173	central	GABA	1	301	311
CB0352	central	GABA	1	394	209
LT74	visual projection	GLUT	1	293	309
PLP223	central	ACH	1	378	223
IB114	central	GABA	1	346	253
PS231	central	ACH	1	245	353
PS022	central	ACH	1	407	191
CB0137	central	ACH	2	327	269
DNg60	descending	GABA	1	228	366
LHPV2i1b	central	ACH	1	132	456
LAL153	central	ACH	1	273	312
CB3400	central	ACH	2	264	321
CB0047	central	GABA	1	59	524
LAL027	central	ACH	1	246	331
AVLP094	central	GABA	1	191	376
DNp43	descending	ACH	1	357	210
AVLP286	central	ACH	1	160	404
CB3201	central	ACH	2	289	272
CB0191	central	ACH	1	118	438
SAD044	central	ACH	1	103	443
CB3978	central	GABA	1	80	465
PVLP112a	central	GABA	1	396	141
LTe76	visual projection	ACH	2	103	426
CB0604	central	ACH	2	364	158
l2LN22	central	GABA	2	136	383
CB3877	central	GABA	1	291	228
LAL145	central	ACH	2	185	329
CB3797	central	ACH	1	251	230
CB0812	central	GLUT	1	220	260
VES023	central	GABA	1	94	375
CB0434	central	ACH	1	133	324
CB2428	central	ACH	1	233	220
VP2_l2PN	central	ACH	1	82	354
CB0225	central	GABA	1	104	331
LPT48_vCal3	visual projection	ACH	1	185	242
CB2395b	central	ACH	1	281	141
AVLP176_c	central	ACH	1	193	209
LAL186	central	ACH	1	224	177
AVLP506	central	ACH	1	131	260
cM11	central	ACH	1	260	125
CB3615	central	ACH	1	147	238
CB0282	central	ACH	1	276	85
LB2d	sensory	GLUT	7	102	240
CB0366	central	ACH	1	237	104
WED015	central	GABA	1	189	146
CB0218	central	ACH	1	210	109
CB0461	central	DA	1	178	135
OA-ASM3	central	DA	1	168	141
CB2997	central	ACH	1	156	151
LMa1	optic	GLUT	1	201	88
v2LN4	central	ACH	1	79	209
LPT50	visual projection	GABA	1	120	167
CB0295	central	ACH	1	101	183
WED029	central	GABA	1	75	195
CB2619	central	GLUT	1	86	173
SMP471	central	ACH	1	82	173
CB1426	central	ACH	1	119	134
VES004	central	ACH	1	62	176
CB0414	central	GABA	1	50	188
CB1119	central	ACH	1	158	74
CB0817	central	GABA	1	48	166
PVLP133	central	ACH	1	153	56
LC9	visual projection	ACH	1	54	123
AOTU032,AOTU034	central	ACH	1	76	96
CB2371	central	ACH	1	90	77
CB0101	central	GLUT	1	68	90
LCe07	visual projection	ACH	1	106	50
AN_GNG_70	ascending	SER	1	74	54

Hub neurons

The most connected individual cells.

Neuron	Type	Synapses
…834211	PVLP011	17,249
…900713	PVLP011	16,323
…952755	Li33	8,679
…497244	Li33	8,676
…088288	AVLP016	8,184
…612194	LPi15	8,008
…282825	lLN2F_b	7,246
…795532	lLN2F_b	6,503
…307026	Am1	6,300
…737708	DNa02	6,163
…545890	lLN2F_b	6,123
…000858	lLN2F_b	6,051
…085583	DNa03	5,845
…403986	il3LN6	5,757
…327659	DNa02	5,725

Read before you conclude

What this dataset and model can and cannot tell you.

Wiring, cell types and transmitters are measured or predicted from electron microscopy. Dynamics use the published leaky integrate and fire model of Shiu et al. (2024): identical neurons, weights proportional to synapse counts, sign from the predicted transmitter.
Transmitter identities are predictions. Glutamate is treated as inhibitory, as in the published model.
A subcircuit: neurons outside it are absent, so inputs they would provide are missing.
Selection: all HSE, HSN, HSS, LPLC1, LC4, LPLC2, LC16, ORN_DM1, ORN_DA2, sugar/water, bitter and DNa01, DNa02, DNa03, DNb05, DNa11, DNp01, MDN, DNp09, DNg13, DNp03, CB0701 neurons, plus neurons on paths of one or two steps between them with at least 40 synapses per step. Every synapse among the selected neurons is kept.

Cite

FlyWire connectome v783, CC BY-NC 4.0 (flywire.ai/guidelines). Connectivity table via github.com/philshiu/Drosophila_brain_model, annotations via github.com/flyconnectome/flywire_annotations.

Dorkenwald, S. et al. (2024). Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain. Nature 634, 124-138.
Schlegel, P. et al. (2024). Whole-brain annotation and multi-connectome cell typing of Drosophila. Nature 634, 139-152.
Shiu, P. K. et al. (2024). A Drosophila computational brain model reveals sensorimotor processing. Nature 634, 210-219.
Eckstein, N. et al. (2024). Neurotransmitter classification from electron microscopy images at synaptic sites in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 187, 2574-2594.